Transnational mothering by Sanchez Molina Raúl, Hochschild, Boehm, Schmalzbauer

 Caring While Missing Children's Infancy, by Sánchez

Many women from developing countries migrate to postindustrial countries while leaving their children with another family member. especially the children´s grandmothers. forced by macrostructural conditions, immigrants have to develop a variety of strategies to overcome this spatial separation. This is the case of most Honduran immigrant women who have migrated to the US in the last decades. The devastation of Hurricane Mitch (98) a severe social-political crisis has pushed thousands of women to work in the domestic market in Washington DC while leaving their children at home.  Using ethnographic data, this paper will focus on how structural, ethnic, generational, and gender factors affect the development of transnational mothering practices among societies.

In conclusion, on March 21, 2021, thousands of immigrants and civil rights advocates rallied in Washington, DC. demanding legal reforms which would allow millions of undocumented workers to regularize their immigration status. People from around the US, mostly immigrants from Latin America, gathered at the National Mall to demand Immigration reform in Congress while asking  President Obama to fulfill his campaign promise. Many demonstrators held up signs in both English and Spanish that had to do with immigrant family Separation: "No more broken families",...

While historical structural conditions explain the increase in Honduran immigrants in US, ethnic, gender, and intergenerational factors elucidate women´s incorporation into the reproductive or care sector. These immigrant women are forced to live away from their children for longer and longer periods of time while using their savings to support families. Deploying transnational mothering practices as a strategy of adaptation, they try to overcome structural barriers that forced them to live away from their family for sometimes more than 15 years

Glocal care chains and educational surplus-value by Hochschild.

Global capitalism affects whatever it touches, and it touches virtually everything including what I call global care chains, a series of personal links between people across the globe based on the paid or unpaid work of caring. Usually, women make up these chains, though it´s possible that some chains are made up for both men and women.

In fact, there are many good studies of globalization that can help us overcome our localism. Some scholars, however, especially those exploring globalization and gender!

Three perspectives on care chains; 

Ejercicio del derecho al cuidado de las mujeres migrantes A lo largo del artículo se abordó el fenómeno de las cadenas globales de cuidado, tomando como caso de estudio el corredor Perú-Argentina. Además de destacar algunas de las características de la migración peruana vinculadas con el fenómeno de las cadenas globales de cuidado (su elevada feminización, la masiva inserción de las migrantes en el servicio doméstico, o el ejercicio de la “maternidad a distancia”), se exploraron los efectos sobre las migrantes y sobre la OSC en Argentina. En lo que respecta a los impactos sobre las mujeres migrantes, una de las contribuciones del trabajo consistió en rescatar su carácter dual. Es decir, que además de reconocer que estas cadenas actúan como reproductoras de desigualdades en términos de género, clase y lugar de procedencia —lo cual ha sido ampliamente abordado por la literatura— también 17 Aunque no se refiere específicamente a la AUH, el estudio elaborado por AMUMRA (2014) apunta en esta misma dirección:  " En sus relatos, las mujeres destacan cómo la participación en la organización ha contribuido con su empoderamiento. Por otro lado, un estudio realizado por AMUMRA afirma que “La transformación en sus condiciones de vida no se logra desde la asistencia, sino desde el propio involucramiento de las mujeres migrantes en la construcción de conocimiento sobre su realidad y en el poder de demanda para hacer valer sus derechos” (AMUMRA, 2014, p.6) 

 Por último, para que este potencial pudiese materializarse efectivamente sería necesario que los avances normativos en términos de inclusión e igualdad se tradujeran en políticas públicas que permitieran el pleno acceso de las personas migrantes a sus derechos. Para ello la universalidad debería dejar de ser un principio retórico para convertirse en el eje rector de las políticas públicas

For my children": Constructing family and navigating the state in the  US Mexico translation. by Boehm

Transnational children reside in, and migrate to and from, both Mexico and US. In fact, the youngest members of Mexican migrants are considered in this paper that examines a dilemma in transnational lives: a primary motivation for migration is to support and benefit children. The inclusion of children in the study of transnationality, Boehm argues, nuances our understanding of the (re)production and (re)structuring of kinship. Moreover, a focus on children as embedded within problematizes popular conception of migrants as solely autonomous agents, uncovering the multiple ways in which the actions of parents, children, and other families are repeatedly shaped and constrained by policies.

Doña Perla´s speculation about the future of her children and grandchildren underscores the importance of looking at the re-production of transnational families over time.  These are, indeed, processes in the making, uncertain trajectories that are unfolding as Mexicans migrants build families within 2 nation-states and as US migration laws change with frequency.

Searching for wages and mothering from Afar: The case of Honduran transnational families by Schmalzbauer.

this article draws on data from 2 years/2 county study that included 157 people to explore survival strategies of poor transnational families. transnational families, defined as those divided between 2 nation-states who have maintenance close ties, depend on a cross-border division of labor in which productive labor occurs in the host country and reproductive labor in the home country.

The transnational literature tends to focus on macro processes, whereas the literature on families assures proximity, micro.

In sorts, the data on transnational families challenge researchers who study work and family to further broaden their base of analysis to include family situations other than the usual proximate and legal ones that have dominated the debate.

Yet without transnationalizing, poor families often cannot secure survival. Out of necessity, millions of families are living in permanent transnational limbo. They represent a new family born out of the inequality in the global economy and reproduced by means of dependence on a transnational division of labor.